literature

  Macbeth as a TRAGEDY OF Vaulting Many critics of William Shakespear are of the view that Macbeth , as a tragedy, is visibly marked by self-conceited ambition that leads the protagonist to a series of bloody actions and resultantly to his destructive but deserved end. They emphatically say that this drama contains the story of one who marches on the path of bloodshed and faithlessly goes to all lengths for the purpose of giving practical shape to his heinous crimes lying in the deep recesses of his mind. Macbeth, the hero of the drama, appears to have the first visible stroke of ambition when along with Banque, he is victoriously returning from the battlefield. He subdued the revolt against Duncan, the king of Scotland. In other words, he is in a puffed-up state of mind. This state gets further exalted when he is addressed by three weird sisters on the way back to the palace. They address him with titles other than his own. But he literally experiences a state of surprised rupture...

 Forms of Poetry Poetry has two approaches. *Subjective approach *Objective approach Subjective poetry (Sonnet,Ode,Lyric,Elegy,Satire) A subjective point of view is something based on one's opinion,believes, perspectives discoveries, desires and feelings . It has no concern with right or wrong other than the person's opinion of what is right and wrong. These are person's internal feelings . He shares inner feelings and highlights internal approach in his poetic composition. Third person (I,my,myself) point of view can also be subjective. It is known as Limited omniscience in which a writer knows every detail about a character and sees the whole story through that character's eyes. On a Grecian Urn by Keats,   Sonnet Shall I compare thee to a Summer's day  by Shakespeare are the example of subjective poetry. Subjective poetry is based on OPINION.  Objective poetry (Ballad,Epic,Mock Epic,Idyll,Dramatic Monologue) In objective poetry, the poet acts as a detache...

 General Introduction to Literature-in-English  The term ' literature ' has no specific meaning. It is coined from the Greek word ' literatura ' meaning ' anything printed or written . This shows that literature may be seen as books or writings pertaining to a particular field, e.g science literature, religious literature, legal literature.Literature is divided into two categories: ART FOR THE SAKE OF ART & ART FOR THE SAKE OF LIFE. However, literature, as regarding the field of study, can simply be defined as those writings which have artistic, creative (imaginative) significance. It deals with works written by either poets, novelists or dramatists. Functions of Literature  1. It mirrors the society : Through literary works, the ills and good, rights and wrongs of the society is reflected in order to effect a positive change. 2. It promotes the people's culture: Since literature mirrors the society, it also promotes the cultural heritage of the people who...

 Literary Criticism Poetics by Aristotle Aristotle's theory of tragedy is governed by a preoccupation with audience response. Discuss. Aristotle is the fountain-head of literary criticism. In his praiseworthy literary assessment Poetics, he is preoccupied with different literary genres especially Tragedy and we find that even tragedy is governed by a preoccupation with audience response.  Actually, Aristotle strictly connects to the functions of tragedy while defining tragedy and its different constitutional parts. He times and again says that the purpose of tragedy is to teach with the providence of aesthetic pleasure.  This purpose is obtained through the accomplishment of catharsis particularly. Aristotle defines tragedy in these words,  Tragedy is an imitation of an action which is serious and complete; having certain magnitude; embellished with different accessories; in a dramatic not narrative form affecting the emotions of pity and fear resultantly having ...

 Waiting for Godot By Samuel Beckett Does anything happen in waiting for Godot? Waiting for Godot is the highly controversial play which is praised both as a drama which encompasses the predicaments of human beings since the original sin of man and as an anti-drama in which nothing happens having no story or plot. That is why there is is a line of demarcation between the critics of Beckett. However,if viewed critically and categorically, nothingness is originating something, non-activity is instigating activity and action is stirring from the apparent non-action.  Through the cyclic and linear functioning of the plot, Beckett is driving something more extraordinary which enhances dramatic action, the effect of morality figures and change. Apparently, it seems through the story (believed to be having no plot) that nothing is happening. Two acts seem to be completely photocopy of each other. It happens that two tramps_Estragon and Veladimir_ are caught up in a wicked circle of...

 Hedda Gabler By Henrik Ibsen ✓Discuss the significance of symbolism in Hedda Gabler. The use of symbolism is the modern technique which provides deeper meanings and connotations. It also becomes the psychological link between the reader and the writer. Henrik   Ibsen also employs this technique in his well renowned drama Hedda Gabler . This drama is replete with symbolisms which provide deeper analysis of the Characters, their psyche, their action and different themes of drama. some of these symbols are Title_Hedda Gabler, setting of the house, flowers, colours, window, picture of General Gabler, Pistols,  arm chair, piano, manuscript, stock, Hair, Vine leaves, etc and even the characters: Hedda, Tesman,  Brack, Loevborg, Aunt Juju, Aunt Rina, Thea, Prostitution etc are symbolic. All these provides profundity and deepness to the drama.  The title of the drama Hedda Gabbar is highly symbolic because it appraises us of the main story about Hedda who is father ...

 Hedda Gabler By Henrik Ibsen Discuss the above captioned drama by Henrik Ibsen as a feminist writing expounding feminist movement. With respect to males and females,  Inequality,    Gender performity, gender discrimination, hypermasculinity, hyperfeminity, Patriarchy,  and  Gender stereotypes  are found in one way or the other in every conventional and traditional society.Eeverybody is assigned a typical role to play in the society. Males are given the absolute authority. There is found the  master slave relationship  between husband and wife. Actually, Ibsen criticises this social condition of Norwegian society during the 19th century. He challenges the social conventions that are at heart to  personal development and liberty.  His themes are  universal freedom of speech, repression of women, the institution of marriage, business ethics, religion and education.  Through his play Hedda Gabler, Ibsen shows that each h...

Christopher Marlowe 's Doctor Faustus Doctor Faustus _ A spirit of Renaissance Christopher Marlowe is considered unanimously the founder of English tragedy and he is highly marked by his achievements in new kind of tragic heroes, newness , insertion of Renaissance elements,Machievalian approach, sensuous pleasure, tragic conflict, high seriousness, hyper ambitions etc. These achievements lend a unique stature and loftiness to his writing composition as he is the the child of Renaissance that is why he is the the mouthpiece of his age and presents in his writings Man centric themes in which man is in a perpetual spiritual and inner conflict which is is eating into to his soul and vitals. Nous we switch on to Doctor Faustus in which the leading charactor Faustus is a tragic hero who goes on fighting against his inner conflict which is the direct result of his sky high ambition of getting unlimited knowledge, power and authority. He goes beyond the human limitations.And resultan...

Prologue to the Canterbury tales By Geoffrey Chaucer Characteristics of Chaucer: The most perfect poet in the English language The father of English poetry The grandfather of English novels Promoter of national unity through language Prince of story Teller Developer of English language as literary language Original poet Bridge between medieval/dark ages between renaissance Crossroad Greatest poet of the 14th century Social chronicler of his age The first humorist of English literature Pioneer of modern drama, novels and poetry Supreme native poet 14 century as Chaucer's England Papularized, reshaped and reformed the East Midland dialect and gave it the form of standard tongue Give expression to the life,ideals,hopes and aspirations of 14th century Characteristics of Prologue Humorous in modern sense Satirical Not acrimonious attitudes Ironic No originality of plot Plot fetched from Latin, French, Italian source No use of allegorical personification Short but vivid characterization ...

 Pride and Prejudice By Jane Austen PLOT Equisite dramatic quality Superb structure Simple  Symmetrical Inter-linked sub plots Organic unity Actions set in motion (not accidentally) Well explained theme Importance of characters as well as places Dramatic plot Architectonic unity Perfection of style Beauty of craftsmenship Dramatic narration coupled with irony Thematically same but structurally different from other novels Scenic background of country side  Unity of time, place and space Action_ reaction THEMES Social concern Race of marriage Economical inequality of women Contrast between good and bad marriages Organic unity of society and individual Appearance and reality Effect of upbringing Importance of upbringing Pride and prejudice Self knowledge Self enlightenment Class consciousness Re-evaluation Re-constitution Mutual understanding and respect Refinement of manner Growth of moral personality Antisocial element vs social tranquility and happiness Class division is ...